Thermal fluctuations of crystalline membranes and ripple formation in graphene
نویسنده
چکیده
Crystalline membranes are two-dimensional membranes whose constituent particles form a crystalline mesh. A good example is free standing graphene where carbon atoms form a membrane with a hexagonal lattice structure. What distinguishes crystalline membranes from conventional two-dimensional crystals is the embedding in a three dimensional space which allows for fluctuations not only within the two internal dimensions of the membrane (in-plane modes) but also for fluctuations in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the membrane (out-of-plane or flexural modes) [1,2]. As in conventional crystals, crystalline membranes have, at least at small length scales, a finite shear modulus besides a finite bulk modulus.
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